See Londoun in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "Lúndūn",
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"word": "倫敦"
},
{
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "Lúndūn",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"word": "伦敦"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "London"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "London"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "Lunnon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "Lundúna"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Lundúna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":from",
"3": "Londene<ety:inh<ang:Lunden>>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"London\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"gloss\" : \"place that floods\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*Londinyom\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"Londinium\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"Lunden\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"Londene\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"Londoun\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"Londoun\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "Lunden"
},
"expansion": "Old English Lunden",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "Londinium"
},
"expansion": "Latin Londinium",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la-med",
"2": "Londōnia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin Londōnia",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A modification of earlier Londene (from the oblique cases of Old English Lunden, from Latin Londinium) after Medieval Latin Londōnia (Latin -ōn- in Gallo-Romance borrowings is usually reflected as Middle English /uːn/), reinforced by the variation in words such as bacoun between variants with final stress (/baːˈkuːn/) and nativised forms with retracted stress and vowel reduction (/ˈbaːkun/, /ˈbaːkən/).\nThe general loss of final /ə/ even in varieties which otherwise retain it is by analogy with other words ending in /ˈuːn/; a similar process occured in persoun.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "London",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Londone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "londoun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Londun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lundoun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Lundon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Londene",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"unmodified"
]
},
{
"form": "Lunden",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"unmodified"
]
},
{
"form": "Lundene",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"unmodified"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "Londoun",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
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{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
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{
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"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cities in England",
"orig": "enm:Cities in England",
"parents": [
"Cities",
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"name": "London",
"orig": "enm:London",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"name": "National capitals",
"orig": "enm:National capitals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
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"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Places in England",
"orig": "enm:Places in England",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"London (the capital city of England)"
],
"id": "en-Londoun-enm-name-QlEyaSuB",
"links": [
[
"London",
"London#English"
],
[
"capital city",
"capital city"
],
[
"England",
"England#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/lunˈduːn(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlundun(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlundən(ə)/"
}
],
"word": "Londoun"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "Lúndūn",
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"word": "倫敦"
},
{
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "Lúndūn",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"word": "伦敦"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "London"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "London"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "Lunnon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "Lundúna"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Lundúna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":from",
"3": "Londene<ety:inh<ang:Lunden>>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"London\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"gloss\" : \"place that floods\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*Londinyom\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"Londinium\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"Lunden\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"Londene\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"Londoun\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"Londoun\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "Lunden"
},
"expansion": "Old English Lunden",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "Londinium"
},
"expansion": "Latin Londinium",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la-med",
"2": "Londōnia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin Londōnia",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A modification of earlier Londene (from the oblique cases of Old English Lunden, from Latin Londinium) after Medieval Latin Londōnia (Latin -ōn- in Gallo-Romance borrowings is usually reflected as Middle English /uːn/), reinforced by the variation in words such as bacoun between variants with final stress (/baːˈkuːn/) and nativised forms with retracted stress and vowel reduction (/ˈbaːkun/, /ˈbaːkən/).\nThe general loss of final /ə/ even in varieties which otherwise retain it is by analogy with other words ending in /ˈuːn/; a similar process occured in persoun.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "London",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Londone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "londoun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Londun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lundoun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Lundon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Londene",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"unmodified"
]
},
{
"form": "Lunden",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"unmodified"
]
},
{
"form": "Lundene",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"unmodified"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "Londoun",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English proper nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks",
"enm:Cities in England",
"enm:London",
"enm:National capitals",
"enm:Places in England"
],
"glosses": [
"London (the capital city of England)"
],
"links": [
[
"London",
"London#English"
],
[
"capital city",
"capital city"
],
[
"England",
"England#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/lunˈduːn(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlundun(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlundən(ə)/"
}
],
"word": "Londoun"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Londoun meaning in Middle English (4.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.